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The new field of machine ethics is concerned with giving machines ethical principles, or a procedure for discovering a way to resolve the ethical dilemmas they might encounter, enabling them to function in an ethically responsible manner through their own ethical decision making. Developing ethics for machines, in contrast to developing ethics for human beings who use machines, is by its nature an interdisciplinary endeavor. The essays in this volume represent the first steps by philosophers and artificial intelligence researchers toward explaining why it is necessary to add an ethical dimension to machines that function autonomously, what is required in order to add this dimension, philosophical and practical challenges to the machine ethics project, various approaches that could be considered in attempting to add an ethical dimension to machines, work that has been done to date in implementing these approaches, and visions of the future of machine ethics research.
The new field of machine ethics is concerned with giving machines ethical principles, or a procedure for discovering a way to resolve the ethical dilemmas they might encounter, enabling them to function in an ethically responsible manner through their own ethical decision making. Developing ethics for machines, in contrast to developing ethics for human beings who use machines, is by its nature an interdisciplinary endeavor. The essays in this volume represent the first steps by philosophers and artificial intelligence researchers toward explaining why it is necessary to add an ethical dimension to machines that function autonomously, what is required in order to add this dimension, philosophical and practical challenges to the machine ethics project, various approaches that could be considered in attempting to add an ethical dimension to machines, work that has been done to date in implementing these approaches, and visions of the future of machine ethics research.
Part I. The Nature of Machine Ethics: 1. The nature, importance, and difficulty of machine ethics James Moor; 2. Machine metaethics Susan Leigh Anderson; 3. Ethics for machines J. Storrs Hall; Part II. The Importance of Machine Ethics: 4. Why machine ethics? Colin Allen, Wendell Wallach and Iva Smit; 5. Authenticity in the age of digital companions Sherry Turkel; Part III. Issues Concerning Machine Ethics: 6. What matters to a machine? Drew McDermott; 7. Machine ethics and the idea of a more-than-human moral world Steve Torrance; 8. On computable morality: an examination of machines as moral advisors Blay Whitby; 9. When is a robot a moral agent? John Sullins; 10. Philosophical concerns with machine ethics Susan Leigh Anderson; 11. Computer systems: moral ethics but not moral agents Deborah G. Johnson; 12. On the morality of artificial agents Luciano Floridi; 13. Legal rights for machines: some fundamental concepts David J. Calverley; Part IV. Approaches to Machine Ethics: 14. Towards the ethical robot James Gips; 15. Asimov's laws of robotics: implications for information technology Roger Clarke; 16. The unacceptability of Asimov's 'three laws of robotics' as a basis for machine ethics Susan Leigh Anderson; 17. Computational models of ethical reasoning: challenges, initial steps, and future directions Bruce McLaren; 18. Computational neural modeling and the philosophy of ethics: reflections on the particularism-generalism debate Marcello Guarini; 19. Architectures and ethics for robots: constraint satisfaction as a unitary design framework Alan K. Mackworth; 20. Piagetian roboethics via category theory: moving beyond mere formal operations to engineer robots whose decisions are guaranteed to be ethically correct Selmer Bringsjord, Joshua Taylor, Bram van Heuveln, Konstantine Arkoudas, Micah Clark and Ralph Wojtowicz; 21. Ethical protocols design Matteo Turilli; 22. Modelling morality with prospective logic Luis Moniz Pereira and Ari Saptawijaya; 23. An integrated reasoning approach to moral decision-making Morteza Dehghani, Ken Forbus, Emmett Tomai and Matthew Klenk; 24. Prototyping n-reasons: a computer mediated ethics machine Peter Danielson; 25. There is no 'I' in 'robot': robots and utilitarianism Christopher Grau; 26. Prospects for a Kantian machine Thomas M. Powers; 27. A prima facie duty approach to machine ethics: machine learning of features of ethical dilemmas, prima facie duties and decision principles, through a dialogue with ethicists Susan Leigh Anderson and Michael Anderson; Part V. Visions for Machine Ethics: 28. What can AI do for ethics? Helen Seville and Debora G. Field; 29. Ethics for self-improving machines J. Storrs Hall; 30. How machines might help us to achieve breakthroughs in ethical theory and inspire us to behave better Susan Leigh Anderson; 31. Homo sapiens 2.0: building the better robots of our nature Eric Dietrich.
This volume of collected essays explores developing ethics for machines, in contrast to developing ethics for human beings who use machines.
Michael Anderson is an Associate Professor of Computer Science at the University of Hartford, Connecticut. His interest in further enabling machine autonomy led him, first, to investigate how a computer might deal with diagrammatic information, work that was funded by the National Science Foundation. This interest has currently resulted in his establishing machine ethics as a bona fide field of scientific inquiry with Susan Leigh Anderson. He maintains the Machine Ethics website (www.machineethics.org). Susan Leigh Anderson is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut. Her specialty is applied ethics, most recently focusing on biomedical ethics and machine ethics. She has received funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities and, with Michael Anderson, from NASA and the NSF. She is the author of three books in the Wadsworth Philosophers Series, as well as numerous articles.
'… a thought-provoking introduction to the field of machine ethics, and I recommend it to students and researchers outside of the field who are looking to broaden their interests.' Cory Siler, Artificial Intelligence
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