Table of Contents

Introduction
Getting Started
1. Statistical Vocabulary
Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Dispersion
Distributions and Their Shapes
Conclusion
Exercises
2. Reasoning with Probability
Outcome Tables
Contingency Tables
Conclusion
Exercises
3. Probabilities in the Long Run
Sampling
Repetitious Sampling with R
Using Sampling Distributions and Quantiles to Think about Probabilities
Conclusion
Exercises
4. Introducing the Logic of Inference Using Confidence Intervals
Exploring the Variability of Sample Means with Repetitious Sampling
Our First Inferential Test: The Confidence Interval
Conclusion
Exercises
5. Bayesian and Traditional Hypothesis Testing
The Null Hypothesis Significance Test
Replication and the NHST
Conclusion
Exercises
6. Comparing Groups and Analyzing Experiments
Frequentist Approach to ANOVA
Bayesian Approach to ANOVA
Finding an Effect
Conclusion
Exercises
7. Associations between Variables
Inferential Reasoning about Correlation
Null Hypothesis Testing on the Correlation
Bayesian Tests on the Correlation Coefficient
Categorical Associations
Exploring the Chi-Square Distribution with a Simulation
The Chi-Square Test with Real Data
Bayesian Approach to Chi-Square Test
Conclusion
Exercises
8. Linear Multiple Regression
Bayesian Approach to Linear Regression
A Linear Regression Model with Real Data
Conclusion
Exercises
9. Interactions in ANOVA and Regression
Interactions in ANOVA
Interactions in Multiple Regression
Bayesian Analysis of Regression Interactions
Conclusion
Exercises
10. Logistic Regression
A Logistic Regression Model with Real Data
Bayesian Estimation of Logistic Regression
Conclusion
Exercises
11. Analyzing Change over Time
Repeated Measures Analysis
Time-Series Analysis
Exploring a Time Series with Real Data
Finding Change Points in Time Series
Probabilities in Change-Point Analysis
Conclusion
Exercises
12. Dealing with Too Many Variables
Internal Consistency Reliability
Rotation
Conclusion
Exercises
13. All Together Now
The Big Picture
Appendix A. Getting Started with R
Running R and Typing Commands
Installing Packages
Quitting, Saving, and Restoring
Conclusion
Appendix B. Working with Data Sets in R
Data Frames in R
Reading Data Frames from External Files
Appendix C. Using dplyr with Data Frames
References
Index

About the Author

Jeffrey M. Stanton, PhD, is Associate Provost for Academic Affairs and Professor in the School of Information Studies at Syracuse University. Dr. Stanton's interests center on research methods, psychometrics, and statistics, with a particular focus on self-report techniques, such as surveys. He has conducted research on a variety of substantive topics in organizational psychology, including the interactions of people and technology in institutional contexts. He is the author of numerous scholarly articles and several books, including Information Nation: Education and Careers in the Emerging Information Professions and The Visible Employee: Using Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance to Protect Information Assets--Without Compromising Employee Privacy or Trust. Dr. Stanton’s background also includes more than a decade of experience in business, both in established firms and startup companies.

Reviews

"Reasoning with Data takes a careful and principled approach to guiding readers gracefully from the traditional moorings of frequentist statistics into Bayesian analyses and the functionality and frontiers of the R platform. Stanton provides a range of clear explanations, examples, and practice exercises, fueled by his unbounded enthusiasm and rock-solid expertise. This book is an indispensable resource for undergraduate and graduate students across disciplines--as well as researchers--who want to extend their thinking and their research into where the future is headed."--Frederick L. Oswald, PhD, Department of Psychology, Rice University

"Offering an up-to-date and refreshing approach, this is a highly useful guide to the statistics our students will be using today, including Bayesian reasoning. Rather than providing an array of equations to memorize, the emphasis is on building conceptual knowledge. The equations that are provided are essential for understanding how to reason with statistics. I plan to use this book as as the text for the first in the series of statistical courses required for our doctoral students in education. It also would be appropriate for advanced undergraduates or anyone who wants to begin to use R. The book has a good focus on Bayesian inference, which is not covered consistently in stats courses, but is critical for the kinds of complex data we use in education and psychology."--Carol McDonald Connor, PhD, Chancellor's Professor, School of Education, University of California, Irvine

"What do R and traditional and Bayesian statistics have in common? They allow us to answer questions that are important for science and practice. Stanton has produced a wonderful book that will be useful for students as well as established scholars."--Herman Aguinis, PhD, Avram Tucker Distinguished Scholar and Professor of Management, George Washington University School of Business

"This may be an uncommon thing to say about a book on statistics, but Reasoning with Data is enjoyable and entertaining--really! Stanton takes the reader on an experiential hands-on tour of random sampling, statistical inference, and drawing conclusions from numerical results. The concreteness of the presentation and examples will make it easy for the reader to intuitively grasp the fundamental concepts. The book is very timely because both Bayesian inference and R are becoming 'must-have' tools for social and behavioral scientists. At the same time, Stanton provides a solid grounding in the historical approach of null hypothesis significance testing, including both its strengths and weaknesses. This text should have a very wide audience, and would be appropriate as an upper-level undergraduate or entry-level graduate statistics text in any of the social sciences."--Emily A. Butler, PhD, Family Studies and Human Development, University of Arizona -Written with students and scholars in mind, this text is informative, reader-friendly, and, yes, enjoyable….Stanton emphasizes concepts, not formulas, and promotes hands-on examples. His timely introduction and coverage of the open-source R programming language for statistical data analysis is another strength of this text….This volume will be an invaluable addition to both undergraduate and graduate collections. Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through faculty and professionals.--Choice Reviews, 8/1/2018

"Reasoning with Data takes a careful and principled approach to guiding readers gracefully from the traditional moorings of frequentist statistics into Bayesian analyses and the functionality and frontiers of the R platform. Stanton provides a range of clear explanations, examples, and practice exercises, fueled by his unbounded enthusiasm and rock-solid expertise. This book is an indispensable resource for undergraduate and graduate students across disciplines--as well as researchers--who want to extend their thinking and their research into where the future is headed."--Frederick L. Oswald, PhD, Department of Psychology, Rice University

"Offering an up-to-date and refreshing approach, this is a highly useful guide to the statistics our students will be using today, including Bayesian reasoning. Rather than providing an array of equations to memorize, the emphasis is on building conceptual knowledge. The equations that are provided are essential for understanding how to reason with statistics. I plan to use this book as as the text for the first in the series of statistical courses required for our doctoral students in education. It also would be appropriate for advanced undergraduates or anyone who wants to begin to use R. The book has a good focus on Bayesian inference, which is not covered consistently in stats courses, but is critical for the kinds of complex data we use in education and psychology."--Carol McDonald Connor, PhD, Chancellor's Professor, School of Education, University of California, Irvine

"What do R and traditional and Bayesian statistics have in common? They allow us to answer questions that are important for science and practice. Stanton has produced a wonderful book that will be useful for students as well as established scholars."--Herman Aguinis, PhD, Avram Tucker Distinguished Scholar and Professor of Management, George Washington University School of Business

"This may be an uncommon thing to say about a book on statistics, but Reasoning with Data is enjoyable and entertaining--really! Stanton takes the reader on an experiential hands-on tour of random sampling, statistical inference, and drawing conclusions from numerical results. The concreteness of the presentation and examples will make it easy for the reader to intuitively grasp the fundamental concepts. The book is very timely because both Bayesian inference and R are becoming 'must-have' tools for social and behavioral scientists. At the same time, Stanton provides a solid grounding in the historical approach of null hypothesis significance testing, including both its strengths and weaknesses. This text should have a very wide audience, and would be appropriate as an upper-level undergraduate or entry-level graduate statistics text in any of the social sciences."--Emily A. Butler, PhD, Family Studies and Human Development, University of Arizona -Written with students and scholars in mind, this text is informative, reader-friendly, and, yes, enjoyable….Stanton emphasizes concepts, not formulas, and promotes hands-on examples. His timely introduction and coverage of the open-source R programming language for statistical data analysis is another strength of this text….This volume will be an invaluable addition to both undergraduate and graduate collections. Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through faculty and professionals.--Choice Reviews, 8/1/2018