Table of Contents

1. Introduction 2. Regional and international comparison of medicine prices 3. Price studies for specific medicines 4. Developments 5. Discussion of methodology and findings 6. Overview of existing methodologies 7. Terminology 8. Medicine price data sources 9. Planning price studies 10. Interpretation of price analyses 11. Price comparison as one pricing 12. Practice of external price referencing 13. Assessment of EPR 14. Policy guidance 15. Policy brief 16. Conclusions

About the Author

Sabine Vogler is Head of the Pharmacoeconomics Department at the Austrian Public Health Institute, and Head of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies affiliated to the Pharmacoeconomics Department. As a senior researcher working in this area for more than two decades, she has expertise and in-depth knowledge about European countries with regard to pharmaceutical pricing/prices, reimbursement and distribution, as well as cost-containment reforms, access and affordability issues. The Pharmacoeconomics department runs the Pharma Price Information (PPI) service that provides medicine price information for 30 European countries, and Dr Vogler and her team use PPI to support public pricing authorities as well as for research purposes.