Table of Contents

1 The Taxonomy and Distribution of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology.- 3. Methods.- 4. Results.- 4.1. Saimiri sciureus sciureus.- 4.2. Saimiri sciureus boliviensis.- 4.3. Saimiri sciureus cassiquiarensis.- 4.4. Saimiri sciureus oerstedii.- 4.5. Saimiri madeirae.- 5. Discussion.- Appendix 1. Taxonomic Borborygme.- Appendix 2. Specimens Examined.- References.- 2 The Behavior of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri) in Natural Environments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Specializations.- 2.1. Diet.- 2.2. Locomotion.- 2.3. Habitat.- 3. Activity Pattern.- 4. Group Size.- 5. Home Range.- 6. Social Behavior and Organization.- 6.1. Mating Activities.- 6.2. Birth Season.- 6.3. After Birth Season.- 6.4. Juveniles.- 6.5. Sexual Maturation.- 6.6. Communication.- 7. Relations with Other Species.- References.- 3 Cognition in Squirrel Monkeys: A Contemporary Perspective.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sensory, Motor, and Cognitive Attributes Underlying Behavior.- 2.1. Vision and Looking Behavior.- 2.2. Attention.- 2.3. Habituation and Sensitization.- 2.4. Memory.- 2.5. Response to Novelty (Curiosity).- 2.6. Tempo of Motor Activity.- 2.7. Vigor and Frequency of Motor Activity.- 2.8. Variability of Motor Activity.- 2.9. A Heuristic Approach to Interspecific Comparisons of Cognitive and Sensorimotor Attributes.- 3. Performance on Selected Laboratory Tasks.- 3.1. Discrimination and Discrimination-Reversal.- 3.2. Concept Learning.- 3.3. Problem-Solving.- 4. Expression of Cognitive and Sensorimotor Characteristics in Everyday Behavior.- 4.1. Use of Space.- 4.2. Feeding and Activity Patterns.- 4.3. Group Cohesion and Dispersion.- 5. Topics for Future Research.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 4 Squirrel Monkey Communication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Overview of the Vocal Repertoire.- 2.1. Previous Studies of the Squirrel Monkey Vocal Repertoire.- 2.2. Major Functional Classes of Vocalizations.- 2.3. Infant Vocalizations.- 3. Inherited and Experiential Influences on Squirrel Monkey Vocalization.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Inherited Characteristics of the Squirrel Monkey Isolation Call.- 4. Visual Displays.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Facial Expressions.- 5. Olfactory Communication.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Physiological Consequences of Maternal Separation and Loss in the Squirrel Monkey.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Normal Development and Basic Separation Procedures.- 3. Adrenal Responses to Maternal Separation.- 4. Effect of Environmental Conditions and Social Support.- 5. Effect of Repeated Separation Experiences.- 6. Importance of Adrenal Activation during Separation.- 7. Effect of Separation on the Immune System.- 8. Neurotransmitter Activity during Separation.- 9. General Considerations.- References.- 6 Effects of Surrogate-Rearing on the Infant Squirrel Monkey.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Responsiveness to the Surrogate.- 3. Responses to Separation and Novelty.- 4. Social Behavior.- 5. Atypical Behaviors.- 6. Summary of Comparisons with Macaques.- References.- 7 Reproductive Cyclicity and Breeding in the Squirrel Monkey.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Reproductive Cycle.- 2.1. Cycle Length.- 2.2. Cycle Endocrinology.- 2.3. Seasonal Influences and Captivity Adaptation.- 3. Ovulation and Fertilization.- 3.1. Normal Follicular Morphology.- 3.2. Ovulation Induction.- 3.3. Fertilization.- 4. Captivity Breeding and Artificial Insemination.- 5. Pregnancy.- 5.1. Diagnosis.- 5.2. Gestation Length.- 5.3. Time of Implantation.- 5.4. Placental Physiology.- 5.5. Stillbirth and Abortion.- 6. Embryonic Development.- 7. Pregnancy Outcome.- 8. Summary.- References.- 8 The Endocrine System of the Squirrel Monkey.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hormone Profile.- 3. Annual Reproductive Pattern.- 4. Diurnal Hormone Rhythm.- 5. Hormone Changes at Puberty.- 6. Effect of Body Weight.- 7. Hormone Differences in Saimiri Females.- 8. Psychological Influences on Hormone Secretion.- 9. General Considerations.- References.- 9 Thermoregulation in the Squirrel Monkey.- 1. Basic Concepts.- 2. Autonomic Thermoregulatory Responses.- 2.1. Method of Partitional Calorimetry.- 2.2. Stitt and Hardy's Experiment.- 2.3. Basic Data on Autonomic Thermoregulation.- 2.4. Probing Autonomic Capabilities with Thermodes.- 2.5. Autonomic Thermoregulation during Fever.- 2.6. Effects of CNS Lesions and Chemical Agents Other Than Pyrogens.- 2.7. Circadian Variations in Body Temperature.- 2.8. Autonomic Thermoregulation during Exposure to Microwave Fields.- 3. Behavioral Thermoregulation.- 3.1. Natural (Instinctive) Thermoregulatory Behaviors.- 3.2. Operant Control of the Thermal Environment.- 3.3. Probing Changes in Thermoregulatory Behavior with Thermodes.- 3.4. Important Parameters of Central Thermal Stimulation.- 3.5. Interaction between Behavioral and Autonomic Thermoregulatory Responses.- References.- 10 Sneezing Behavior in the Squirrel Monkey and Its Biological Significance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sneezing Behaviors: A Closer Look.- 3. On Functions and Effects.- 4. Sneezing Behaviors: What Function?.- 5. The Hypotheses on Trial.- 6. Sneezing: Functional Aspects.- 7. Epilogue.- References.- 11 Visual System of the Squirrel Monkey.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organization of the Visual System.- 2.1. The Eye.- 2.2. Subcortical Visual Centers.- 2.3. Visual Cortex.- 3. Visual Capacities.- 3.1. Some Practical Issues.- 3.2. Visual Sensitivity.- 3.3. Color Vision.- 3.4. Spatial Vision.- 3.5. Binocular Vision.- References.- 12 Use of Squirrel Monkeys in Cardiovascular Research.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Naturally Occurring Atherosclerosis.- 2.1. Early Reports.- 2.2. Leticia, Colombia Study 1967.- 2.3. Squirrel Monkeys Compared to Other New World Monkeys.- 2.4. Histological Characteristics.- 3. Dietary Effects on Atherosclerosis.- 3.1. Summary of Lipid Changes.- 3.2. Composition of Diet.- 3.3. Type of Dietary Fat.- 3.4. Genetic Influences on Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis.- 4. Additional Effects on Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis.- 4.1. Effects of Age and Sex.- 4.2. Effects of Hypothyroidism, Insulin Deficiency, and Renally Induced Hypertension.- 4.3. Effects of Psychic Stress.- 5. Summary of Lesions and Complications of Atherosclerosis.- 5.1. Summary of Lesions by Location.- 5.2. Congestive Heart Failure.- 5.3. Myocardial Infarction.- 5.4. Aneurysms.- 5.5. Regression of Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis.- 6. Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy.- 7. Behaviorally Induced Hypertension.- 8. Diseases Complicating the Use of Squirrel Monkeys in Cardiovascular Research.- 8.1. Cholelithiasis.- 8.2. Glomerulonephritis.- 8.3. Aortitis.- 8.4. Trypanosomiasis.- 9. Conclusion.- References.- 13 Behavioral Pharmacology of the Squirrel Monkey.- 1. Introduction: Procedures in Behavioral Pharmacology.- 1.1. Behavioral Pharmacology.- 1.2. Schedule-Controlled Behavior.- 1.3. Schedules Using Behavior Maintained by Food Presentation or Drug Injection.- 1.4. Schedules Using Noxious Stimuli.- 2. Determinants of the Behavioral Effects of Drugs.- 2.1. Response Rate.- 2.2. Behavioral and Pharmacological History.- 2.3. Nature of the Maintaining Event.- 2.4. Environmental Context.- 3. Behavioral Effects of Drugs in the Squirrel Monkey.- 3.1. Psychomotor Stimulants.- 3.2. Antianxiety Drugs, Sedative-Hypnotics, and Serotonin Antagonists.- 3.3. Antipsychotic Drugs.- 3.4. Opiates and Opiate Antagonists.- 3.5. Miscellaneous Compounds.- 4. Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Drugs.- 5. Drugs As Consequent Events.- 6. Drug Effects on Social Behavior.- 7. Comparison of Behavioral Effects of Drugs in the Squirrel Monkey with Other Species.- 8. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 14 Nutrition and Metabolism of the Squirrel Monkey.- 1. Diet.- 1.1. Natural Habitat Diets.- 1.2. Diets Fed to Captive Animals.- 2. Requirements for Specific Nutrients.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Calorie Requirements.- 2.3. Protein Requirements.- 2.4. Fat Requirements.- 2.5. Carbohydrate Requirements.- 2.6. Mineral Requirements.- 2.7. Vitamin Requirements.- 2.8. Fiber.- 3. Growth and Body Composition As Affected by Diet.- 3.1. Infants.- 3.2. Adults.- 4. Nutritional and Metabolic Interactions.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glucose Tolerance.- 4.3. Protein Metabolism and PCM.- 4.4. Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism.- References.- 15 Immunology and Pathology of the Squirrel Monkey.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Simian Immunology.- 3. Agents of Disease.- 4. Infectious Agents, Immunological and Pathological Responses.- 4.1. Bacterial Infections.- 4.2. Fungal Infections.- 4.3. Parasitic Infections.- 4.4. Viral Infections.- 5. Comments and Perspectives.- References.- 16 Medical Care and Management of the Squirrel Monkey.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Colony Husbandry.- 2.1. Housing and Cage Requirements.- 2.2. Colony Records.- 3. Principles of Medical Management.- 3.1. Preventive Medicine.- 3.2. Therapeutic Approaches and Restraint.- 3.3. Methods of Treatment.- 4. Diseases of the Squirrel Monkey.- 4.1. Bacterial Diseases.- 4.2. Viral Infections.- 4.3. Parasitic Diseases.- 4.4. Deficiency Diseases.- 4.5. Other Diseases.- 5. Normative Data.- References.